One of the three characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder is the presence of the movement disorder called repetitive behavior. Repetitive behaviors are defined by their repeated occurrence, inappropriateness, and behavioral rigidity. Repetitive movements can range from simple stereotypic movements, such as rocking, swaying, and finger tapping to self-injurious actions such as head banging to more complex routines or rituals, such as repeated counting of objects or preferred household/bedtime routines.

Repetitive behavior occurs in all children, including neurotypical young children, from 18 months up to the age of six. You’ve probably also engaged in a limited form of such behavior if you ever sat at your desk, repeatedly tapping your pencil or foot! When limited, repetitive behaviors are thought to be adaptive, helping to reduce anxiety and providing a way to organize and adjust to our environment.

It is the increased frequency and extended duration of such behavior in children with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders to the point of impairing daily life, however, that makes it maladaptive and a movement disorder4. The stereotypical movements can also stigmatize the person, impairing their socialization.

Key Points

• Repetitive behavior is one of the three diagnostic traits for ASD.
• All children engage in repetitive behavior as infants and preschoolers.
• Repetitive behavior helps young children improve motor skills and may reduce anxiety.
• For patients with ASD, repetitive behavior becomes maladaptive because it increases in frequency and duration to the point that it impairs daily life.
• Repetitive behavior is not unique to ASD. It occurs in other neurodevelopment disorders as well.